Designing Small Weapons
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PICATINNY ARSENAL, N.J. - The Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center's Armament University is now offering a suite of new small arms training courses to instruct engineers on weapons manufacturing and assembly.
The Small Arms Design and Weapons Maintenance courses teach engineers about the functionality and design of different weapons systems so they can incorporate this knowledge into their technology projects, said Jan Luce, Armament University professional development specialist.
While Armament University team members were conducting focus groups known as Cohort studies, it was discovered that many newly hired engineers had limited experience with firearms, and that introductory weapons classes at Picatinny could provide them with their first hands-on experience with the systems they work on, Luce explained.
\"The class teaches design engineers the fundamentals of weaponry - the velocity, functionality of the different weapons that Soldiers carry into battle...how you take the weapon apart and put it back together,\" he said.
The classes were designed with the intention of giving the students an understanding of the functionality of the various weapons systems. For example the pistol series demonstrates the three types of semi automatic pistols (single action: Kimber 1911, traditional double action: Beretta M9, and double action only: Glock safe action polymer).
Engineers can take classes in small arms design and maintenance for an array of different weapons systems including pistols, tactical combat shotguns, assault and sniper rifles, medium and heavy machine guns and grenade launchers.
The courses are being taught by certified armorers from the companies that manufacture the firearms. Prior to this year, Armament University employees had planned to requisition weapons from the Army and request an expert armorer from Aberdeen Proving Ground to instruct classes at Picatinny.
However, the university was not able to obtain the weapons for the classes, because of the Army's need to send weapons into theater, Stracco said. Realizing the need for Picatinny engineers to receive hands-on training with various small arms weapons systems, Stracco sought armorer training from different firearm manufacturers who could not only provide certified instructors but could also provide the weapons for the classes.
Having the vendors provide the weapons and teach the course allows students to continue to train with a service-ready weapon so engineers will understand what Warfighters are using in theater, Luce said.
In conjunction with the small-arms curriculum, Armament University also offers the Weapons Manufacturing and Lecture Tour. This allows engineers to tour facilities such as Smith & Wesson and Sturm Ruger to see first-hand weapons production, as well as participate in live-fire training under the supervision of a trained expert, Luce said.
There are many sources, articles, books and documents in literature about weapons and their design. About weapon design there are less sources and all definitions are in general terms like mini skirt: they give you good ideas but hide the most important parts. In this article I want to tell you a story about our journey in design process of a military rifle or a machine gun in 7.62x51 mm caliber. And of course I never give or mention about the vital side of critical technical issues. Because in all other documents it is very easy to find necessary technical expressions and terms. But I strongly believe, this document would be a better guide to who wants to understand the design process of a small (light) weapon system.
According to the sequence above you always need a concrete doctrine. Within doctrine you have the knowledge about the concept of infantry weapons. Therefore there may be a very serious survey study before your design studies should be done.
Today there are more than 185 different type of military rifles with 7.62 caliber are widely using in modern armies in the world. The doctrine is almost equal in all armies. Surveying the existing weapons is one of the finest method to understand the concept. Because you have to make some decision about:
A fourth type, pure fusion weapons, are a theoretical possibility. Such weapons would produce far fewer radioactive byproducts than current designs, although they would release huge numbers of neutrons.
Pure fission weapons historically have been the first type to be built by new nuclear powers. Large industrial states with well-developed nuclear arsenals have two-stage thermonuclear weapons, which are the most compact, scalable, and cost effective option once the necessary technical base and industrial infrastructure are built.
In early news accounts, pure fission weapons were called atomic bombs or A-bombs and weapons involving fusion were called hydrogen bombs or H-bombs. Practitioners of nuclear policy, however, favor the terms nuclear and thermonuclear, respectively.
In some ways, fission and fusion are opposite and complementary reactions, but the particulars are unique for each. To understand how nuclear weapons are designed, it is useful to know the important similarities and differences between fission and fusion. The following explanation uses rounded numbers and approximations.[5]
When a free neutron hits the nucleus of a fissile atom like uranium-235 (235U), the uranium nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei called fission fragments, plus more neutrons (for 235U three as often as two; an average of 2.5 per fission). The fission chain reaction in a supercritical mass of fuel can be self-sustaining because it produces enough surplus neutrons to offset losses of neutrons escaping the supercritical assembly. Most of these have the speed (kinetic energy) required to cause new fissions in neighboring uranium nuclei.[6]
Materials which can sustain a chain reaction are called fissile. The two fissile materials used in nuclear weapons are: 235U, also known as highly enriched uranium (HEU), oralloy (Oy) meaning Oak Ridge Alloy, or 25 (the last digits of the atomic number, which is 92 for uranium, and the atomic weight, here 235, respectively); and 239Pu, also known as plutonium, or 49 (from 94 and 239).[citation needed]
For national powers engaged in a nuclear arms race, this fact of 238U's ability to fast-fission from thermonuclear neutron bombardment is of central importance. The plenitude and cheapness of both bulk dry fusion fuel (lithium deuteride) and 238U (a byproduct of uranium enrichment) permit the economical production of very large nuclear arsenals, in comparison to pure fission weapons requiring the expensive 235U or 239Pu fuels.
Fusion produces neutrons which dissipate energy from the reaction.[12] In weapons, the most important fusion reaction is called the D-T reaction. Using the heat and pressure of fission, hydrogen-2, or deuterium (2D), fuses with hydrogen-3, or tritium (3T), to form helium-4 (4He) plus one neutron (n) and energy:[13]
An essential nuclear reaction is the one that creates tritium, or hydrogen-3. Tritium is employed in two ways. First, pure tritium gas is produced for placement inside the cores of boosted fission devices in order to increase their energy yields. This is especially so for the fission primaries of thermonuclear weapons. The second way is indirect, and takes advantage of the fact that the neutrons emitted by a supercritical fission \"spark plug\" in the secondary assembly of a two-stage thermonuclear bomb will produce tritium in situ when these neutrons collide with the lithium nuclei in the bomb's lithium deuteride fuel supply.
Fission weapons used in the vicinity of other nuclear explosions must be protected from the intrusion of free neutrons from outside. Such shielding material will almost always be penetrated, however, if the outside neutron flux is intense enough. When a weapon misfires or fizzles because of the effects of other nuclear detonations, it is called nuclear fratricide.
For the implosion-assembled design, once the critical mass is assembled to maximum density, a burst of neutrons must be supplied to start the chain reaction. Early weapons used a modulated neutron generator codenamed \"Urchin\" inside the pit containing polonium-210 and beryllium separated by a thin barrier. Implosion of the pit crushes the neutron generator, mixing the two metals, thereby allowing alpha particles from the polonium to interact with beryllium to produce free neutrons. In modern weapons, the neutron generator is a high-voltage vacuum tube containing a particle accelerator which bombards a deuterium/tritium-metal hydride target with deuterium and tritium ions. The resulting small-scale fusion produces neutrons at a protected location outside the physics package, from which they penetrate the pit. This method allows better timing of the first fission events in the chain reaction, which optimally should occur at the point of maximum compression/supercriticality. Timing of the neutron injection is a more important parameter than the number of neutrons injected: the first generations of the chain reaction are vastly more effective due to the exponential function by which neutron multiplication evolves.
The inefficiency was caused by the speed with which the uncompressed fissioning uranium expanded and became sub-critical by virtue of decreased density. Despite its inefficiency, this design, because of its shape, was adapted for use in small-diameter, cylindrical artillery shells (a gun-type warhead fired from the barrel of a much larger gun). Such warheads were deployed by the United States until 1992, accounting for a significant fraction of the U-235 in the arsenal[citation needed], and were some of the first weapons dismantled to comply with treaties limiting warhead numbers.[citation needed] The rationale for this decision was undoubtedly a combination of the lower yield and grave safety issues associated with the gun-type design.[citation needed] 59ce067264
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